List of countries by system of government

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This is a list of countries categorized by system of government.

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Contents

Alphabetical list of countries

Name Constitutional basis Head of state Basis of executive legitimacy

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Notes on color-code

Note that several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics are broadly described by outsiders as authoritarian states. This chart aims to represent de jure form of government, not de facto degree of democracy. Those more interested in a version reflecting such judgements may be interested in seeing this map from Freedom House. Image:Form of government with Freedom House.png.

Systems of Governance

Presidential / Separated republics

These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:

Full presidential systems

In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists he or she serves purely at the pleasure of the president.

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Semi-presidential systems

In semi-presidential systems, there is usually both a president and a prime minister. In such systems, the President has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic, but some of the role of a head of government is exercised by the prime minister, who is also leader of the legislature.

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Parliamentary republics

A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (eg. Poland) to little or none at all (eg. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, their function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead. Template:Col-begin

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Mixed republican systems

Prime minister is also head of state and given title of president

Constitutional monarchies

Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The head of state is a constitutional monarch who only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people or their representatives. Template:Col-begin

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Commonwealth realms

Constitutional monarchies, in which Queen Elizabeth II serves as head of state over an independent government. In each Realm, she acts as the monarch of that state, and is usually titled accordingly - for example, Queen of Australia. The Queen appoints a Governor-General to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. Template:Col-begin

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Semi-constitutional monarchies

The prime minister (or equivalent) is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at his/her own independent discretion. Template:Col-begin

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Absolute monarchies

Monarchies in which the monarch is the active head of the executive branch and exercises all powers. Template:Col-begin

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Theocracies

States based on a state religion where the head of state is selected by some form of religious hierarchy.

One-party states

States in which political power is concentrated within a single political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy. However, some do have elected governments. Template:Col-begin

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Military junta states

The nation's armed forces control the organs of government and all high-ranking political executives are also members of the military hierarchy.

Transitional

States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and cannot be accurately classified. (with current direction of change)

Systems of Internal Governance

Federal

States in which the federal government shares power with semi-independent regional governments. In many cases, the central government is (in theory) a creation of the regional governments; a prime example is the United States. Template:Col-begin

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Devolved

States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to self-governing subsidiary governments, creating a de facto federation.

Regionalized unitary

States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional governments.

Federacy

A federacy is a country in which some substates function like states in a federation and others like states in a unitary state.

Unitary

see Unitary state

Notes

  1. ↑ a b Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage; and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
  2. ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
  3. ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
  4. ^ Collective (3 member) presidency.
  5. ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
  6. ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
  7. ^ The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is a government in exile, located in Tindouf, Algeria. Most of the territory of Western Sahara is under military occupation by Morocco; the rest is administered by the SADR.
  8. ^ In Bangladesh, a caretaker government takes over for three months during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Advisor (the last Chief Justice to retire), and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisors chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the Ministry of defense and the Ministry of foreign affairs.
  9. ^ Combines aspects of an executive presidency with a parliamentary system. President is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister. The President is both head of state and government.
  10. ^ Combines aspects of an executive presidency with a parliamentary system. President is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister. The President is both head of state and government.
  11. ^ There is neither a prime minister nor a president of Switzerland. The President of the Swiss Confederation is merely primus inter pares in the Swiss Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes the government as well as the head of state of Switzerland.
  12. ^ Collective presidency (two captains-regents). Captains-regents are both Head of State and Government simultaneously.
  13. ^ Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex-officio co-princes
  14. ^ Bhutan is in the process of democratization by request of the king.
  15. ^ UAE is a federation of absolute monarchies, with the federal president drawn from hereditary emirs
  16. ^ The President of Fiji is the actual leader who on 4 December 2006 dissolved the parliament without the prime minister's consent, thereby setting the stage for a coup by the military commander.

See also

External links

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