Glottal consonant
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| Places of articulation |
| Labial |
| Bilabial |
| Labial-velar |
| Labial-alveolar |
| Labiodental |
| Bidental |
| Coronal |
| Linguolabial |
| Interdental |
| Dental |
| Alveolar |
| Apical |
| Laminal |
| Postalveolar |
| Alveolo-palatal |
| Retroflex |
| Dorsal |
| Palatal |
| Labial-palatal |
| Velar |
| Uvular |
| Uvular-epiglottal |
| Radical |
| Pharyngeal |
| Epiglotto-pharyngeal |
| Epiglottal |
| Glottal |
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Glottal consonants are consonants articulated with the glottis. Many phoneticians consider them, or at least the so-called fricatives, to be transitional states of the glottis without a point of articulation as other consonants have; in fact, some do not consider them to be consonants at all. However, the glottal stop at least behaves as a typical consonant in languages such as Tsou.
Glottal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet:
| IPA | Description | Example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
| Image:Xsampa-questionmark.png | voiceless glottal stop | Hawaiian | ‘okina | [ʔo.ˈki.na] | ‘okina |
| Image:Xsampa-hslash.png | breathy voiced glottal "fricative" | Czech | Praha | [pra.ɦa] | Prague |
| Image:Xsampa-h.png | voiceless glottal "fricative" | English | hat | [hæt] | hat |
The "fricatives" are not true fricatives. This is a historical usage of the word. They instead represent transitional states of the glottis (phonation) without a specific place of articulation. [h] is a voiceless transition. [ɦ] is a breathy-voiced transition, and could be transcribed as [h̤].
The glottal stop occurs in many languages. Often all vocalic onsets are preceded by a glottal stop, for example in German. The Hawaiian language writes the glottal stop as an opening single quote ‘. Some alphabets use diacritics for the glottal stop, such as hamza <ء> in the Arabic alphabet; in many languages of Mesoamerica, the Latin letter <h> is used for glottal stop.
Because the glottis is necessarily closed for the glottal stop, it cannot be voiced.
[edit] See also
Template:Consonantsar:حنجري br:Kensonenn troc’h-avel cs:Glotální souhláska de:Glottal lv:Glotāls līdzskanis es:Consonante glotal eo:Glotalo fr:Consonne glottale ko:성문음 it:Consonante glottidale he:עיצורים סדקיים ja:声門音 no:Glottaler pl:Spółgłoska krtaniowa ro:Consoană glotală sv:Glottal konsonant
