Georg Simmel

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Georg Simmel

Georg Simmel (March 1, 1858 – September 28, 1918, Berlin, Germany) was one of the first generation of German sociologists. His religious background was complicated but germane to his marginal status in German academia. He was born to a prosperous Jewish business family, but his father became a Roman Catholic. His mother's family was originally Jewish, but she was a Lutheran. Georg Simmel, himself, was baptized as a Protestant when he was a child.^[1]

After the death of Simmel's father in 1874, Julius Friedländer became his guardian and eventually adopted him. His studies pioneered the concept of social structure, and he was a key precursor of social network analysis.^[2] His most famous works today are "The Philosophy of Money", "The Stranger", "The Web of Group Affiliation, and "The Metropolis and Mental Life".

1 Life
2 Simmel on the Metropolis
3 Simmel on sociability
4 Influence on American sociology
5 The work of Simmel
6 Other works
7 Works about Simmel
8 References
9 External links

[edit] Life

Georg Simmel was the youngest of seven children. His father was a partner in a chocolate factory. When Georg Simmel's father died, he was taken under the care of a guardian, the founder of an international music publishing house, who endowed him with a large fortune enabling him to become a scholar.^[3]

Simmel studied philosophy and history (but he also studied social psychology and Medieval Italian) at the University of Berlin. In 1881 he received his doctorate for his thesis "The Nature of Matter According to Kant's Physical Monadology". He became a Privatdozent at the University of Berlin in 1885, officially lecturing in philosophy but also in ethics, logic, pessimism, art, psychology and sociology. His lectures were not only popular inside the university, but attracted the intellectual elite of Berlin as well.

Although his applications for vacant chairs at German universities were supported by Max Weber, Simmel remained an academic outsider. Only in 1901 was he elevated to the rank of extraordinary professor (full professor but without a chair; see the German section at Professor). At that time he was well-known throughout Europe and America and was seen as a man of great eminence.

Simmel nevertheless continued his intellectual and academic work, taking part in artistic circles as well as being a cofounder of the German Society for Sociology, together with Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber. This life at the meeting point of university and society, arts and philosophy was possible because Simmel had been the heir to a fortune from his appointed guardian.

He befriended many well-known men, e.g. Max Weber, Rainer Maria Rilke, Stefan George and Edmund Husserl.

In 1890 he married Gertrud Kinel. A philosopher in her own right, she published under the pseudonym Marie-Luise Enckendorf. They lived a sheltered and bourgeois life, their home becoming a venue for cultivated gatherings in the tradition of the salon. They bore one son, Hans Eugen.

Only in 1914 did Simmel receive an ordinary professorship with chair, at the then German University of Strasbourg. Because of the outbreak of World War I, all academic activities and lectures were halted as lecture halls were converted to military hospitals. In 1915 he applied - without success - for a chair at the University of Heidelberg.

Prior to the outbreak of World War I, Simmel had not been very interested in contemporary history, but rather in looking at the interactions, art and philosophy of his time. However, after its start, he was interested in its unfolding. Yet, he seems to give conflicting opinions of events, being a supporter in "Germany's inner transformation", more objective in "the idea of Europe" and a critic in "The crisis of culture".

Eventually, Simmel appears to have grown tired of the war, especially in the year of his death. He stopped reading the paper and withdrew to the Black Forest to finish his book. Shortly before the end of the war in 1918, he died from liver cancer.

[edit] Simmel on the Metropolis

One of Simmel's most widely read essays is "The Metropolis and Mental Life" from 1903, which was originally given as a lecture at the Dresden exhibition on city life in which Simmel was supposed to be lecturing on the positive cultural influence. Simmel analyses various differences between the life of urban and rural people, seeing beneficial and harmful elements in both. In rural life, he observes that the slow, regular pattern of ongoing association with the same places and people allows deep emotional connections to form. On the other hand, he also observes that there is a narrowness and conformity of thought in such environs, as everyone knows everyone else's habits and opinions and so a mesh of communal judgment forms, making it very difficult for the individual to act or think idiosyncratically.

Contrarily, in urban life, as one lives mostly surrounded by strangers, one is freed by their indifference to dress, behave, speak and think, with a much broader range of freedom. The nonconformist finds themselves much more able to live as they would like in a city. However, living in the city, one is constantly surrounded by far more people, events, and changes, than one would encounter in the countryside. This constant stimulation results in people being brought to a state where they are no longer capable of reacting to each of the specific things that happens to them individually; instead, they develop a cool, distant, intellectualized way of observing the things around them: "the blasé attitude". Being blasé protects them from feeling overwhelmed by the constant stimulation, but on the other hand, in time, as it reduces everything around them to a state of indifferent equality, they are themselves inevitably drawn into the same feeling of indifference and hence worthlessness.

Unfortunately for Simmel, "The Metropolis and Mental Life" was not well received. The organizers of the exhibition were appalled due to its negativity regarding city life. It was heavily criticized by Emile Durkheim, who said it was largely based on 'wild speculation'.^{[citation needed]} It did not appear in wide circulation until the 1950s when it was translated into English and published as part of Kurt Wolff's edited collection, The Sociology of Georg Simmel. The essay now appears on the reading lists of many urban studies courses.

[edit] Simmel on sociability

Simmel refers to "all the forms of association by which a mere sum of separate individuals are made into a 'society,'" [Simmel, 157] which he describes as a, "higher unity," [Simmel, 157] composed of individuals. He was especially fascinated, it seems, by the, "impulse to sociability in man," [Simmel, 157] which he described as "associations...[through which] the solitariness of the individuals is resolved into togetherness, a union with others," [Simmel, 158] a process he describes by which, "the impulse to sociability distils, as it were, out of the realities of social life the pure essence of association," [158] and "through which a unity is made," [Simmel, 158] which he also refers to as, "the free-playing, interacting interdependence of individuals." [Simmel, 158]

He defines sociability as, "the play-form of association," [Simmel, 158] driven by, "amicability, breeding, cordiality and attractiveness of all kinds." [Simmel, 158] In order for this free association to occur, he says, "the personalities must not emphasize themselves too individually...with too much abandon and aggressiveness." [Simmel, 158] He also describes, "this world of sociability...a democracy of equals...without friction," so long as people blend together in a spirit of fun and affection to, "bring about among themselves a pure interaction free of any disturbing material accent." [Simmel, 159] As so many social interactions are not entirely of this sweet character, one has to conclude that Simmel is describing a somewhat idealised view of the best types of human interaction, and by no means the most typical or average type.

The same can be said of Simmel when he says that, "the vitality of real individuals, in their sensitivities and attractions, in the fullness of their impulses and convictions...is but a symbol of life, as it shows itself in the flow of a lightly amusing play," [Simmel, 162] or when he adds: "a symbolic play, in whose aesthetic charm all the finest and most highly sublimated dynamics of social existence and its riches are gathered." [Simmel, 163] Again, one has to conclude that he is describing human interactions at their idealised best and not the more typical ones, which tend to fall a long way short of his descriptions.

All above quotes are from: G Simmel: The Sociology of Sociability [trans. by Everett C Hughes], Amer Jnl of Sociol, 55.3, Nov 1949, pp.254-261, originally from Soziologie der Geselligkeit, his speech to 1st meeting of the German Sociol Society, 1911, reprinted in Talcott Parsons et al, Theories of Society, 1961, [page numbers shown refer to the latter publication]

[edit] Influence on American sociology

Lewis A. Coser drew heavily on Georg Simmel, in his Sociological Theory (1964) treating social conflict.

[edit] The work of Simmel

Simmel was known as an essayist as well as author of sociological and philosophical books. Some of his major monographic works include:

Über sociale Differenzierung, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1890 [On Social Differentiation]
Einleitung in die Moralwissenschaft, 2 vols, Berlin: Hertz, 1892-3 [Introduction to the Science of Ethics]
Die Probleme der Geschichtphilosophie, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1892, 2nd edn 1905 [The Problems of the Philosophy of History]
Philosophie der Geldes, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1900, 2nd edn 1907 [The Philosophy of Money]
Die Grosstädte und das Geistesleben, Dresden: Petermann, 1903 [The Metropolis and Mental Life]
Kant, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1904, 6th edn 1924
Kant und Goethe, Berlin: Marquardt, 1906
Die Religion, Frankfurt am Main: Rütten & Loening, 1906, 2nd edn 1912
Schopenhauer und Nietzsche, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1907
Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, University of Illinois Press, 1991, ISBN 0-252-06228-0
Soziologie, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1908 [Sociology: Investigations on the Forms of Sociation]
Hauptprobleme der Philosophie, Leipzig: Göschen, 1910
Philosophische Kultur, Leipzig: Kröner, 1911, 2nd edn 1919
Goethe, Leipzig: Klinkhardt, 1913
Grundfragen der Soziologie, Berlin: Göschen, 1917 [Fundamental Questions of Sociology]
Rembrandt, Leipzig: Wolff, 1917
Lebensanschauung, München: Duncker & Humblot, 1918
Zur Philosophie der Kunst, Potsdam: Kiepenheur, 1922
Fragmente und Aufsäze aus dem Nachlass, ed G Kantorowicz, München: Drei Masken Verlag, 1923
Brücke und Tür, ed M Landmann & M Susman, Stuttgart: Koehler, 1957

[edit] Other works

Rom, Ein ästhetische Analyse published the Viennese weekly paper in Die Zeit, Wiener Wochenschrift für Politike, Volkwirtschaft Wissenschaft und Kunst, on May the 28th 1898
Florenz published in the Berliner magazine Der Tag on March 2nd 1906
Venedig published in the magazine from Munich Der Kunstwart, Halbmonatsschau über Dichtung, Theater, Musik, bildende und angewandte Kunst. on June 1907

[edit] Works about Simmel

(de) Hartmann, Alois (2003): Sinn und Wert des Geldes, In der Philosophie von Georg Simmel und Adam (von) Müller, [1], Berlin, ISBN 3-936749-53-1.
Muller, Jerry Z., 2002, The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought, Anchor Books.
David Kim (ed.): Georg Simmel in Translation: Interdisciplinary Border-Crossings in Culture and Modernity. Cambridge Scholars Press, Cambridge 2006, ISBN 1-84718-060-5
Simmel, Georg, 1922 [1955], Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations, translated and edited by Kurt Wolff, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Simmel, Georg, 1950, The Sociology of Georg Simmel, Compiled and translated by Kurt Wolff, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

[edit] References

^ Simmel, Georg, and Kurt H. Wolff. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Glencoe, Ill.,: Free Press, 1950.
^ Wellman, Barry. 1988. "Structural Analysis: From Method and Metaphor to Theory and Substance." Pp. 19-61 in Social Structures: A Network Approach, edited by Barry Wellman and S.D. Berkowitz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Linton Freeman, The Development of Social Network Analysis. Vancouver: Empirical Press.
^ http://socio.ch/sim/bio.htm Sociology in Switzerland, Georg Simmel: Biographic Information